Fish feed : Alternative Fish Feed Quality

When we return to the basic understanding, culture itself is to maintain a particular organism in a given period and place in order to obtain benefits. Provide a specific place in a limited situation that is no longer as free as in nature or primarily in the open sea food needs, of course, like it or not we should try to fulfill it. The food in this case is very limited when compared to when they live in their natural habitat in nature. Therefore, errors in managing the feed will result in a minimum of 60% in failure cultivation due to the cost of production in the culture that valued allocated to the management of the feed. Meanwhile, the cultivation was carried out to pursue the economic benefits. One in managing fish will lead to large losses.

Like humans, fish require a complete nutrition and sufficient to her life. Major elements such as proteins, fats and carbohydrates as the main component of minerals and vitamins as well as supporting components, it is necessary to support the growth of an organism. How could the fish can grow well if given only feed from the rest of cassava leaves, coconut husks and even the remains of rice from the food we throw into our pond maintenance. That would probably cause other problems namely pisciculture environment will gradually feed contaminated by the rest of the sediment in the bottom waters that are not eaten by fish. These materials will accumulate at the bottom of the pool and combined waste from the fish itself so that one day pengurai bacteria could no longer work properly due to lack of oxygen so that results will be penguraiannya toxic compounds that are highly dangerous for the life of the cultivated organisms. Therefore, efforts to meet the demand for fish feed quality, affordable and environmentally friendly is needed.

What is a qualified feed

The value of fish feed quality is determined by how complete the availability of constituent components. The more complete constituent components, the higher the quality of the feed. Components of a complete feed that includes proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Additional materials such as materials
dyes, material towing (attractant), hormones, and binder (binders) are also required but is not mandatory in nature. Complete feed is nothing compared to when the fish pet damaged chopped fish only given. Compared with the feed / pellets, damaged chopped fish do not have complete nutrition for general
only dominated by the protein and moisture content with a little phosphorus.

Protein known as a body builder substances, cells or tissue. It collects various types of amino acids that are needed by the body. Absence of feed components will greatly affect the growth of both the growth of culture organisms to the body of fish (fish enlargement) and for the multiplication of cells / individuals (reproduction). The material commonly known protein is fish meal, shrimp meal, soy flour, industrial waste such as flour shrimp heads, fish intestines, rucah fish, blood meal, bone meal etc.. Each material has the number and types of different amino acids. Fish flour ranked first in the completeness of amino acid or in other words, fish meal is the best protein source in fish feed.

Fat as a component of the absolute largest energy provider is. Daily activities ranging from swimming, find food, avoid enemies, metabolism, growth and resilience of the body requires energy. It contained fatty acids and fish generally can not make itself and must be given in feed. However, fish can synthesize fats into fatty acids which are needed by people such as linolenic and linoleic acid (omega-3). That fish only capable of making omega-3 fatty acids and capable of human intellectual and even people, as happened in the State Sakura, Japan. Not only that, Japan as one of the largest fish consumed country in the world capable of making people live longer by eating fish that contain omega-3 and will be protected from various diseases. Materials such as fish oil, soybean oil, palm oil, corn oil and canola oil are fat sources commonly used in the manufacture of fish feed.
Although no direct effect on the growth, the presence of carbohydrates as an element of the cheapest energy providers in the feed is needed. Absence of feed components will force the protein to change its function of building materials into energy provider. This transfer-function will require greater energy levels resulting in fish ammonia gas emissions increased. Increased emissions of ammonia in the water will eventually result in polluted waters especially for basic organisms such as abalone and prawns. Starch, wheat flour, sago flour is commonly used materials. In addition to the energy provider, these materials also function as adhesive.

Another case with the above three main components, vitamins and minerals, although a little but very necessary. Vitamins such as is necessary to streamline work metabolism. In addition these vitamins are usually associated with the immune system of fish as in vitamin C. Minerals as well as the existence of even a little but also desperately needed. For example, phosphor elements associated with primary bone formation in fish larvae food. Bending bones (abnormalities) was made possible due to the lack or absence of phosphorus in feed intake of fish. View fish's body is very disturbing in the abnormal growth can even cause death. When the fish is alive, must be sold at low cost; even be thrown away because they do not deserve to be sold.
Cheap feed fish farmers yearning

Amid the hard-paced life today, the fish farmers desperate for a cheap feed prices. Moreover, the feed component is crucial for the success or failure of a business culture. In comparison, the price of fish feed that was only omnivore Rp 5.000/kg from various manufacturers. Prices are much more expensive is certainly happening at the price of fish feed carnivorous species such as shrimp, snapper, grouper. Fortunately selling high value export market can still cover the cost of production so that most people still choose to keep the fish species are carnivorous. But when thinking about sustainable farming, this concept should be discarded away. Meanwhile, in several research and policy, this does not apply to fish farming herbivore species (primarily fish meal plants) such as grass carp because of the prices of these types of fish are cheaper and abundant availability in nature. This should be a concern and one of the farmers policy makers and governments to keep the fish from the types of herbivore fish farm fish for survival in the future, although in terms of product prices, fish species herbivore slightly cheaper than carnivorous fish.

The high price of fish feed can not be separated from the high prices of materials existing feed makers. Components of fish meal and fish oil are the materials most expensive fat proteins. Therefore experts feed the world trying to replace fish meal and oil are increasingly scarce and expensive by sources other proteins through a series of studies.
There are two directions of research development is now done feed the world, namely the utilization of waste protein (protein by product) and proteins from plants (vegetable protein). The material was selected because of cheap price and availability of natural resources. Waste materials such as flour protein, shrimp heads, crab flour skin, blood meal, bone meal, flour squid intestines stomach, intestines flour chicken, tuna belly flour, silkworm pupa powder, becomes grounds to know, etc. of alternative materials to replace fish meal sufficient to provide a positive influence for the growth of fish. Similarly, the use of fish oil is also relatively expensive compared to vegetable oil. Therefore, the protein material and fat from plants such as soy flour, corn meal, flour, oil seed flour, soybean oil, palm oil and corn oil into flour and reliable substitute for a good fish oil that does not affect the growth of fish at a certain limit. Although recognized amino acids and fatty acids in the material
This is not as complete and as much as that found in the flour and fish oil. Even more controversial again, soybeans genetically engineered already widely used as a source of fish protein. The results of several studies indicate, the use of soy flour results in genetic engineering does not affect the fish's body for examination in almost all organs of fish are not carriers of the gene found in the soybean. Also good influence on the growth rate is not so different than the provision of non soy flour genetic engineering. Soybeans genetically engineered many of today's developed with the intent to prevent the plants from pests and diseases. So since
in 1996 it is natural that the FAO world body issued a statement about not dangerous use of soy is genetically engineered to feed the fish. In addition to fish is not harmful to pets, is also safe for humans. However, controversy about this continues despite the frequency was reduced.
Replacement of fish meal and oil with the materials mentioned above are encouraged to overcome the high prices of feed available. Coupled with the reduction in world fish stocks due to fishing management from the beginning was not concerned with aspects of sustainability. Therefore, according to a statement Worm et al (2006) in the journal nature, estimated in the year 2040 in the wild fish stocks will be exhausted if the world continues to consume fish like crazy today. Moreover, approximately 40% of fish that is used for the manufacture of fish flour. This will increase the difficulty of providing fish meal and make it grow
expensive. However, due to amino acids and fatty acids contained in fish meal and oil are the best, then its replacement with a maximum of 20% of soybean flour and 15% for soybean oil for example, is still worth it because there was no difference in the growth of snapper. Similarly, waste materials other proteins, is still no substitute for fish meal in total in the formulation of fish feed manufacture. Indeed the concept of "fish eat fish" is still true. However, this concept is not always true and can be applied, given the availability of fish on the dwindling natural.

Environmentally friendly feed, fish feed future

In addition to a very important role to develop pet fish, feed is also very large potential to reduce the cultivation of aquatic environmental quality through the remainder of the feed that is not consumed by fish waste and fish feces and urine during metabolic processes. The main waste of feed, feces and urine is ammonia and phosphorus; second again this material comes from fish meal protein. Ammonia content of the main elements are nitrogen and phosphorus (N) and (P) that can make a fertile waters (eutrophication) in a certain limit. But if these two elements accumulation exceeds the limit, then there was what is called the "excessive fertility" (hypereutrofikasi). These conditions resulted in water becomes starved of oxygen and bacteria perurai will produce toxic compounds that are dangerous for the life of the cultivated organisms. Organisms are particularly vulnerable to this is the shrimp FAQs for this species living in the bottom waters that will be most affected first. Similarly with budidayanya fish, will experience mass mortality during Welling up (removal of toxic compounds into surface water) in the rainy season. This occurs due to mass heavy rain that falls to the bottom and replace the base substrate that already contains this toxin up (due to heavy type of lighter) to the surface and poison the fish are kept so that the experience of death. While the danger that comes from the use of excessive fish oil will result in accumulated chemical compounds called dioxins. Dioxins are contained in fish oil at a certain level would be harmful to the body because it stimulates cancer.

To overcome this, there are two strategies that can be done. First, the use of materials of low phosphorus content. This can only be obtained with the use of proteins derived from plants such as soy flour, corn flour etc.. In addition to low cost, the materials of this plant proteins can be relied upon to replace fish meal by up to 20% of this quantity which does not result in reduced growth of fish. Similarly, vegetable oil, feeding the feed with fish oil would also reduce the possibility of accumulation of dioxin when compared to fat energy source that only comes from fish oil. The second strategy is to streamline the use of protein by the fish so that the content of nitrogen is wasted in faeces and urine was also reduced. This effort is done by mixing the ingredients of calcium monophosphate (Ca (H2PO4) 2) into the feed. This material is one of the mineral compounds that can streamline the use of fish protein metabolism in the process so that the waste waters of proteins to be low.

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FISH FOOD MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 1

Artificial feed is the feed created by humans for fish from domestic various kinds of raw materials nutrients have a well according to the needs of fish and in making very consider the nature and size of fish. Artificial feed made by people to anticipate shortage of feed derived from

the continuity of natural production can not be ascertained. With expected to create artificial feed the amount of feed required by fish will be fulfilled at any time.
Artificial feed good quality must meet the criteria as:
Nutrient · feed primarily protein must be in accordance with the needs fishing
· Diameter must be smaller feed the size of the fish's mouth opening
· Feed easily digested Nutritional feed
· easy absorbed by the body
· Having a sense of the favored fish
· Low ash content
· High effectiveness rate
Prior to making fish must be understood first on the types of feed which can be given to the fish
cultivation. Grouping of species fish feed can be made based on the form, based on water content, based on sources and based on contribution to the growth fish. The types of artificial feed based on other forms of are:
1. Form solution
Used as feed larval fish (ages 2 to 20 days). There are 2 kinds of solution, namely:
1) Emulsion, material together with water soluble solvent;
2) Suspension, materials not dissolved together with water solvent.
Shape This solution is usually given when the larvae with composition of raw materials main duck egg yolk or chicken with the additional vitamins and minerals.
2. Form of flour / meals
Used as the larvae feed until the seeds (aged 2-40 days). Flour obtained from the crumbs are destroyed or made the composition of the various sources of raw materials such as develop feed formulations, and usually given to the larvae until seed fish.
3. Form of grain / granules.
Seeds used as feed log (age 40-80 days). Meal also obtained from the crumb destroyed or made equal such as making the feed formulation full and shape made into granules.
4. Form crumbs / crumble.
Used as feed large log / fish responsibility (80-120 days old). Crumbs from pellets of crushed into granules rough.
5. Sheets / Flake.
Ordinary given in ornamental fish or marine fish and made of various materials tailored to the needs and at the time will be established can use the equipment printer to form sheets or simply by how to make the composition of feed then the composition of the various raw materials is made emulsion is then laid on the mat aluminum or zinc and dried, then knead.
6. Form of pellets sink / sinking.
Used for activities Freshwater fish rearing and sea water fish a habit of behavior behavior of the fish to swim in the waters.

Fish size that consume feed form of pellets varies from size of the mouth opening more than 2
mm the size of the pellets made his usual 50% ie 1 mm. Form of pellets can also be used as fish feed adults who already have weight> 60-75 g and aged > 120 days.
7. Form of pellets floating / floating.
Used for activities Freshwater fish rearing and sea water fish a habit of behavior behavior of the fish swimming in the surface waters. Fish size that consume feed form of pellets varies from
size of the mouth opening more than 2 mm the size of the pellets made his usual 50% ie 1
mm. Form of pellets can also be used as fish feed adults who already have weight> 60-75 g and aged > 120 days.
Types of fish feed based on water content can grouped into three namely:
1. The wet feed feed
water usually contains more than 50%. Wet feed usually feed consisting of fresh or frozen food, in the form of chopped or fish meat grinder no economic value. Type This feed is usually given to
parent-parent fish / shrimp, examples include wet feed is minced meat cum-spy or marine fish.

2. Moist feed is the feed
ranging aqueous 20 -40%. Moist feed made as an alternative to feed a lot of wet among other shortcomings can be polluted waters and specific amino acid deficiency. This moist feed made with feed composition in accordance fish needs but in the process is not done drying, allowed to damp and stored in the form of a paste then frozen. But there This wet food is also made with the composition of fish pasteurized plus some additional adhesives, vitamins and minerals or silase fish were given a few composition of additives. Feed This moisture can be given to size of fish from the seed to the enlargement.
3. Ie dry feed feed
water contains less than 10%. This type of feed used used in fish culture intensively because highly easily in the process of distribution, storage and handling. Type of feed This can be made dry by various forms tailored to the needs fish and at every stage cultivation can be used dry feed was adjusted with the size and type of fish that will consume them.
Types of fish feed based on source can be grouped into two, namely natural feed and artificial feed. Types of fish feed based on contribution in producing weight gain can be grouped into two namely:
1. Supplementary Feed / feed
the feed supplement in contribution only produce weight less than 50%. Type This feed is usually made by the fish farmers with mixing a few ingredients standard regardless of protein that Nutritional content of this feed incomplete.
2. Complete Feed / full feed
the feed is in contribution to produce weight gain more than 50%. This type of feed usually is a dry feed with various forms in which composition of raw materials complete so that the content
protein feed is sufficient fish need to be consume.
By knowing the types of then feed the fish farmers can determine the type of feed will be adjusted to the fish to be maintained. Type artificial feed which will be discussed in this book is artificial feed which will be consumed by the fish the size of the parent, larvae or seeds according to the needs nutrients in the form of fish feed dry or moist. Artificial feed made in accordance with Nutritional requirements of fish will growth optimal for fish consume. Also feed
made himself a protein content and energy accordance with the needs of fish and has a lower price compared with buying artificial feed.
Feed is component of operational costs large enough in an attempt fish culture approximately 60% is the cost of feed. By so with a fish feed manufacturing competence expected to reduce costs production significantly. In making artificial feed The first step must done is done feed manufacturing planning artificial. Planning for manufacture of feed should be made carefully in order to feed the made in accordance with the needs of fish who consume them. The first knowledge that must be understood is the Nutritional content of artificial feed.
Nutritional contained in the artificial feed should consist of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Composition feed nutrients contained in artificial feed is very specific to each size of fish. Quality feed artificial determined among others by quality raw materials available. This This caused other than nutritional value contained in raw materials should be appropriate with the needs of fish, also feed This made good sense favored fish, scent and others who can stimulate the fish

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Fish Feed : How to made 2

C. Feed RAW

Quality of artificial feed is determined among others by the quality of existing materials. This is because other than that contained in the nutritional value of raw materials must comply with the needs of fish, this artificial feed also liked the fish better taste, aroma, etc. that can stimulate fish to eat artificial feed it.

1. Types of Raw Materials

Fish feed raw materials are generally divided into three major groups namely:

• Raw Vegetable among others consists of;

a. F. soy flour Fine bran
b. G. cornstarch Flour leaves Lamtoro
c. Flour h. Cassava leaf flour
d. I. tapioca Peanut flour
e. J. sago flour Palm cake

• Animal material consisted of, among others;

a. E. fish flour Flour BENAWA / crab
b. Fish Silase f. Blood Flour
c. Flour shrimp g. Bone flour
d. Squid flour h. Flour liver


• Additional materials include consist of:
a. Vitamins
b. Mineral
c. Anti oxidants
Ingredients: phenols, vitamin E, vitamin C, etoksikulin (1,2 dihydro-6-etoksi-2, 2.4 trimethyquinoline), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluena), and BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole).
d. Antibiotics
e. Kitchen salt (NaCl)
Serve as material pelezat (savory), prevent the laundering process other substances contained in the fish food ingredients.
f. Material Adhesives
Examples of adhesive materials: jelly, gelatin, wheat flour, sago flour, etc., is best and tapioca starch.
g. Yeast
Leaven is a type of fungus that can alter the carbohydrate
into alcohol and CO2. Kinds of yeast: yeast tape, yeast bread, and beer.
D. Formulation and PATTERN MAKING FISH MEAL

1. Fish Feed Formulation

Fish feed must contain nutritional composition in accordance with the needs of fish, so fish can grow optimally. To meet the appropriate nutrient composition of a formulation of feed made in accordance with the nature and size of fish. To make this feed formulation must be considered is the criterion of raw materials to be used.

Criteria of selected raw materials are:
1. Has a high nutritional value.
2. Easily obtained
3. Easily processed
4. Not toxic
5. Prices are relatively cheap
6. Not a human staple food

Methods used in feed formulations are made;
1. Method square / rectangular
2. Linear method
3. Trial and error method

Of the method is the easiest and the result is close to precision square method. For example, calculations using the square method is as follows;
For example, would be 20 kg of fish feed with protein content of 35%, of the feed material consisting of; fish meal, fine bran, corn flour, wheat flour and soy flour. Of the material is viewed as a basic protein further calculations. First separated materials are included in the basal protein having a protein content <20%> 20%.
By looking at the composition table of a protein derived materials;
Basal protein; Protein Supplements
Fine bran protein Protein 15.58% fish Flour 62.99%
Protein cornstarch 9.50% soy protein fluor 46.36%
Protein wheat flour 12.27%
Number of Total 37.35% 109.35%
Average 12.45% Average 54.68%
Basal protein

Protein supplements

From these calculations it is obtained
Basal protein 19,68 % : 42.23% x100% = 46,60%
which consists of: 1. Bran fine = 46.60%: 3=15.53%
2. Corn flour = 46.60%: 3 = 15.53%
3. Wheat flour= 46.60%: 3 = 15.53%

Protein supplement 22,55% :42.23 % x 100% = 53,40 %
which consists of : 1. Fish flour 53,40 % : 2 = 26,70 %
2. Soy protein flour 53,40 % : 2 = 26,70 %

So to make the fish feed as many as 20 Kg of raw material required as follows;
1. Bran fine 15.53% x 20 Kg = 3,11 kg
2. Corn flour 15.53% x 20 Kg = 3,11 kg
3. Wheat flour 15.53% x 20 Kg = 3,11 kg

4. Fish flour 26,70 % x 20 Kg = 3,11 kg
Soy protein flour 26,70 % x 20 Kg = 3,11 kg

From this square method deficiencies found that the protein content of all materials included in the basal protein is assumed to equal the average results, as well as all materials are included in protein supplements are assumed to equal the average results. Therefore, the protein content of the raw materials that go in each group both basal and protein supplements, should be sought not so different from real.

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Fish Feed : how to made

Started this post I will discuss about the making of fish meal

FORM AND BENEFITS MADE
Artificial feed is the feed that had been made from several types of raw materials with specific nutritional formulations. Artificial feed of good quality must meet criteria such as:
1. Nutrient content of feed, especially protein must be in accordance with the needs of fish
2. The diameter of the feed must be smaller than the size of the fish's mouth opening
3. Digestible feed
4. Nutritional feed easily absorbed body
5. Having a sense of the preferred fish
6. Low ash content of
7. High levels of effectiveness

Form of artificial fish food is determined by the fish eating habits., Such as:
1. Solution
Larval used as fish feed (ages 2 to 30 days). There are 2 kinds of solution, namely: (1) Emulsion, material together with water soluble solvent; (2) suspension, which dissolved substances are not integrated with the water solvent.
2. Flour
Used as feed seeds (20-40 days old). Flour obtained from the crushed crumbs.
3. Meal
Seeds used as feed spindles (40-80 days old). Meal was also obtained from the crushed crumbs.
4. Crumbs
Used as feed large logs / fish responsibility (80-120 days old). Crumbs from crushed pellets into coarse grains.
5. Pellet
Used as an adult fish that have been weighing> 60-75 g and aged> 120 days.
6. Waver
Derived from the emulsion is spread on the mat aluminum or zinc and dried, then knead.

Benefits

Artificial feed to complement the existence of natural feed, both in terms of quantity and quality.
B. DEVELOPMENT TOOLS FISH FEED

Type of tool used to make fish feed consists of;
1. Powdered tool (grinder)
2. Mixer (mixer)
3. Steamed tool
4. Display devices (pelleting)
5. Dryer (dryer)
6. Equipment packing (packing)

1. Powdering tool

Powdering tool (Figure 1) has a variety of capacities, generally measured by the amount of flour produced per unit of time. Similarly, the softness of the resulting flour is highly dependent on the type of appliance. There are two types of devices include powdering tool;
1. Disk mill
2. Hammer mill
Disk mill works by turning a pair of steel metal disk that rotates one and the other as a foundation. Raw materials will be on powdered two metal pieces. Hammer mill hammer works on the principle by hitting a raw material that will powdered.

Powdered material aims to facilitate a variety of raw materials are uniformly mixed in a mixing tool and to help digestion of fish.
2. Mixer

Raw material mixer has a size that depends on the capacity of equipment. The type of equipment used, among others;
1. Horizontal mixing
2. Vertical mixing
3. Steamed tool

Steamed dough from a mixture of raw materials can be made from various materials. For small scale can be used steamer or a specific container in accordance with the size of many materials. Materials other than steaming aims to bind the materials (compact) also kill the microbes that cause decay of materials.

4. Feed Printer Tools

Feed is based on the desired production capacity. For small-scale devices can be used meat counter, while the production scale used automatic pelleting equipment, the length and diameter of pellets can be arranged as needed.
5. Equipment

Dryer ( in a simple or more complex. For small-scale pellets by drying the printout under the sun. As for the scale of production must be made a special dryers for production capacity buffer is set.

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